基于像素的控制的学习表示，最近在加固学习中获得了重大关注。已经提出了广泛的方法来实现高效学习，导致类似于完整状态设置中的复杂性。然而，超越仔细策划的像素数据集（以居中作物，适当的照明，清晰的背景等）仍然具有挑战性。在本文中，我们采用更困难的环境，纳入背景干扰者，作为解决这一挑战的第一步。我们提出了一种简单的基线方法，可以学习有意义的表示，没有基于度量的学习，没有数据增强，没有世界模型学习，也没有对比学习。然后，我们分析何时何种以及为什么先前提出的方法可能会失败或减少与此更难设置中的基线相同的表现，以及为什么我们应该仔细考虑扩展在井策良好环境之外的这种方法。我们的研究结果表明，基于奖励密度，问题的规划地平线，任务 - 无关组件等的规划等的粮食基准，对评估算法至关重要。基于这些观察，我们提出了在评估基准任务的算法时考虑不同的指标。我们希望在调查如何最佳地将RL应用于现实世界任务时激励研究人员对重新思考代表学习来激发研究人员。

Large "instruction-tuned" language models (finetuned to respond to instructions) have demonstrated a remarkable ability to generalize zero-shot to new tasks. Nevertheless, they depend heavily on human-written instruction data that is limited in quantity, diversity, and creativity, therefore hindering the generality of the tuned model. We introduce Self-Instruct, a framework for improving the instruction-following capabilities of pretrained language models by bootstrapping off its own generations. Our pipeline generates instruction, input, and output samples from a language model, then prunes them before using them to finetune the original model. Applying our method to vanilla GPT3, we demonstrate a 33% absolute improvement over the original model on Super-NaturalInstructions, on par with the performance of InstructGPT_001, which is trained with private user data and human annotations. For further evaluation, we curate a set of expert-written instructions for novel tasks, and show through human evaluation that tuning GPT3 with Self-Instruct outperforms using existing public instruction datasets by a large margin, leaving only a 5% absolute gap behind InstructGPT_001. Self-Instruct provides an almost annotation-free method for aligning pre-trained language models with instructions, and we release our large synthetic dataset to facilitate future studies on instruction tuning.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Damage to the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) can cause agrammatic aphasia wherein patients, although able to comprehend, lack the ability to form complete sentences. This inability leads to communication gaps which cause difficulties in their daily lives. The usage of assistive devices can help in mitigating these issues and enable the patients to communicate effectively. However, due to lack of large scale studies of linguistic deficits in aphasia, research on such assistive technology is relatively limited. In this work, we present two contributions that aim to re-initiate research and development in this field. Firstly, we propose a model that uses linguistic features from small scale studies on aphasia patients and generates large scale datasets of synthetic aphasic utterances from grammatically correct datasets. We show that the mean length of utterance, the noun/verb ratio, and the simple/complex sentence ratio of our synthetic datasets correspond to the reported features of aphasic speech. Further, we demonstrate how the synthetic datasets may be utilized to develop assistive devices for aphasia patients. The pre-trained T5 transformer is fine-tuned using the generated dataset to suggest 5 corrected sentences given an aphasic utterance as input. We evaluate the efficacy of the T5 model using the BLEU and cosine semantic similarity scores. Affirming results with BLEU score of 0.827/1.00 and semantic similarity of 0.904/1.00 were obtained. These results provide a strong foundation for the concept that a synthetic dataset based on small scale studies on aphasia can be used to develop effective assistive technology.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

我们介绍了第一个机器学习引力波搜索模拟数据挑战（MLGWSC-1）的结果。在这一挑战中，参与的小组必须从二进制黑洞合并中识别出复杂性和持续时间逐渐嵌入在逐渐更现实的噪声中的引力波信号。 4个提供的数据集中的决赛包含O3A观察的真实噪声，并发出了20秒的持续时间，其中包含进动效应和高阶模式。我们介绍了在提交前从参与者未知的1个月的测试数据中得出的6个输入算法的平均灵敏度距离和运行时。其中4个是机器学习算法。我们发现，最好的基于机器学习的算法能够以每月1个的错误警报率（FAR）的速度（FAR）实现基于匹配过滤的生产分析的敏感距离的95％。相反，对于真实的噪音，领先的机器学习搜索获得了70％。为了更高的范围，敏感距离缩小的差异缩小到某些数据集上选择机器学习提交的范围$ \ geq 200 $以优于传统搜索算法的程度。我们的结果表明，当前的机器学习搜索算法可能已经在有限的参数区域中对某些生产设置有用。为了改善最新的技术，机器学习算法需要降低他们能够检测信号并将其有效性扩展到参数空间区域的虚假警报率，在这些区域中，建模的搜索在计算上很昂贵。根据我们的发现，我们汇编了我们认为，将机器学习搜索提升到重力波信号检测中的宝贵工具，我们认为这是最重要的研究领域。

有效的缩放和灵活的任务接口使大型语言模型能够在许多任务中表现出色。帕利（Pali）根据视觉和文本输入生成文本，并使用该界面以许多语言执行许多视觉，语言和多模式任务。为了训练帕利，我们利用了大型的编码器语言模型和视觉变压器（VITS）。这使我们能够利用其现有能力，并利用培训它们的大量成本。我们发现，视觉和语言组成部分的联合缩放很重要。由于现有的语言变压器比其视觉对应物要大得多，因此我们训练迄今为止最大的VIT（VIT-E），以量化甚至大容量视觉模型的好处。为了训练Pali，我们基于一个新的图像文本训练集，其中包含10B图像和文本，以100多种语言来创建大型的多语言组合。帕利（Pali）在多个视觉和语言任务（例如字幕，视觉问题，索方式，场景文本理解）中实现了最新的，同时保留了简单，模块化和可扩展的设计。

控制语言模型生成的文本并自定义内容一直是一个长期的挑战。追求提供控制的现有提示技术是特定于任务的，缺乏普遍性。这为非专家用户提供了压倒性的选择，可以找到适合其任务的方法。与这些技术相关的努力，例如在写作示例，解释，说明等。进一步限制了它们在非专家用户中的采用。在本文中，我们提出了一个简单的提示策略，可以帮助我思考我们在哪里鼓励GPT3通过提出一组相关问题并利用用户答案执行任务来帮助非专家用户。我们证明了我们的技术的功效，可以帮助我考虑各种任务。具体来说，我们专注于对普通人类很难的任务，需要进行重大思维才能执行。我们希望我们的工作将鼓励发展非常规的方式来利用大语模型的力量。

不兼容的可观察物的存在是量子力学和量子技术中宝贵资源的基石。在这里，我们介绍了一种不兼容的度量，称为相互特征空间扰动（MED），该措施量化了通过在另一个人的特征范围内观察到的尖锐观察到的敏锐的干扰量。 MED是对尖锐可观察物的忠实衡量标准，并在von Neumann测量空间上提供了度量。可以通过使用称为量子开关的设置以无限期的顺序使测量作用来有效地估计。由于这些功能，MED可以用于量子机学习任务中，例如基于它们相互兼容性的量子测量设备。我们通过提供无监督的算法来证明这种应用，该算法将未知的von Neumann测量结果簇。我们的算法对噪声非常强大，可用于识别具有大致相同测量环境的观察者组。

基于分解的模型（FMS），例如Distmult，在知识图完成（KGC）任务中享有持久的成功，通常优于图形神经网络（GNNS）。但是，与GNN不同，FMS难以合并节点特征并概括在归纳环境中看不见的节点。我们的工作通过提出重构GNN来弥合FMS和GNN之间的差距。这种新的体系结构借鉴了两种建模范式，以前在很大程度上被认为是不结合的。具体地说，使用消息通讯的形式主义，我们通过将梯度下降程序重新定义为消息传播操作来展示如何将FMS施加为GNN，这构成了我们重构GNN的基础。在众多成熟的KGC基准测试中，我们的重构GNN可以实现与FMS相当的转导性能以及最先进的归纳性能，同时使用较少的参数阶数。